WIP: add driver objectsWIP/add_driver_obj

14 files changed, 880 insertions, 284 deletions

diff --git a/kernel/Makefile b/kernel/Makefile
index 40f081e..c3634e0 100644
--- a/kernel/Makefile
+++ b/kernel/Makefile
@@ -28,6 +28,10 @@ LIB_SRC  := $(wildcard lib/*.cpp)
 # ── Firmware subsystems (both compile on all arches; unused one stays dormant) ──
 FIRMWARE_SRC := $(wildcard firmware/acpi/*.cpp) $(wildcard firmware/dt/*.cpp)
 
+# ── Driver framework (always compiled) ─────────────────────────────────────
+# TODO: fix that
+DRV_FRAMEWORK_SRC := $(wildcard drivers/driver_registry.cpp)
+
 # ── Conditionally-compiled sources (from .config) ───────────────────────────
 # TODO: change it to Driver Makefiles
 DRV_SRC :=
@@ -72,7 +76,7 @@ endif
 
 # ── Collect all sources ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
-ALL_CPP_SRC := $(ARCH_CPP_SRC) $(CORE_SRC) $(MM_SRC) $(FIRMWARE_SRC) $(DRV_SRC) $(FS_SRC) $(LDR_SRC) $(LIB_SRC)
+ALL_CPP_SRC := $(ARCH_CPP_SRC) $(CORE_SRC) $(MM_SRC) $(FIRMWARE_SRC) $(DRV_FRAMEWORK_SRC) $(DRV_SRC) $(FS_SRC) $(LDR_SRC) $(LIB_SRC)
 ALL_ASM_SRC := $(ARCH_ASM_SRC)
 
 ALL_CPP_OBJ := $(patsubst %.cpp,%.o,$(ALL_CPP_SRC))
diff --git a/kernel/drivers/char/pl011.cpp b/kernel/drivers/char/pl011.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7615370
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kernel/drivers/char/pl011.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+// ============================================================================
+// drivers/char/pl011.cpp — PL011 UART console driver + device (aarch64)
+//
+// Stub implementation that compiles but does no real I/O yet.
+// TODO: Program IBRD, FBRD, LCR_H, CR registers for actual UART output.
+// ============================================================================
+
+#include <kernel/console_driver.h>
+#include <kernel/early_driver.h>
+#include <kernel/early_device.h>
+#include <kernel/platform_bus.h>
+
+// ── PL011Device ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+class PL011Device : public Device, public EarlyDevice<PL011Device> {
+public:
+    explicit PL011Device(uintptr_t base_addr) : base_(base_addr) {}
+
+    const char* name() const override { return "uart0"; }
+    uintptr_t base() const { return base_; }
+
+private:
+    uintptr_t base_;
+};
+
+// ── PL011Console driver ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+class PL011Console : public ConsoleDriver,
+                     public EarlyDriver<PL011Console> {
+public:
+    PL011Console() = default;
+
+    const char* name() const override { return "pl011-uart"; }
+
+    bool init() override {
+        auto* dev = static_cast<PL011Device*>(device());
+        base_ = dev->base();
+
+        // TODO: Configure UART registers at base_:
+        //   UARTIBRD (offset 0x24) — integer baud rate divisor
+        //   UARTFBRD (offset 0x28) — fractional baud rate divisor
+        //   UARTLCR_H (offset 0x2C) — line control (8N1, FIFO enable)
+        //   UARTCR (offset 0x30) — control register (TX enable, UART enable)
+        initialized_ = true;
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    void shutdown() override {
+        initialized_ = false;
+    }
+
+    void putchar(char c) override {
+        if (!initialized_) return;
+        // TODO: while (*(volatile uint32_t*)(base_ + 0x18) & (1 << 5)) {}
+        //       *(volatile uint32_t*)(base_ + 0x00) = c;
+        (void)c;
+    }
+
+    void clear() override {
+        // UART has no screen to clear
+    }
+
+private:
+    uintptr_t base_ = 0;
+    bool initialized_ = false;
+};
+
+// ── Driver init function ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+namespace console {
+
+void init_pl011(uintptr_t base_addr) {
+    auto* dev = PL011Device::create(base_addr);
+    platform::bus().add_device(dev);
+
+    auto* drv = PL011Console::create();
+    drv->bind(dev);
+    drv->init();
+
+    console::register_driver(drv);
+}
+
+} // namespace console
diff --git a/kernel/drivers/char/uart_16550.cpp b/kernel/drivers/char/uart_16550.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a85b5e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kernel/drivers/char/uart_16550.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+// ============================================================================
+// drivers/char/uart_16550.cpp — 16550 UART console driver + device (x86_64)
+//
+// Stub implementation that compiles but does no real I/O yet.
+// TODO: Program divisor latch, 8N1, FIFO, implement actual port I/O.
+// ============================================================================
+
+#include <kernel/console_driver.h>
+#include <kernel/early_driver.h>
+#include <kernel/early_device.h>
+#include <kernel/platform_bus.h>
+
+// ── UART16550Device ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+class UART16550Device : public Device, public EarlyDevice<UART16550Device> {
+public:
+    explicit UART16550Device(uint16_t port) : port_(port) {}
+
+    const char* name() const override { return "uart0"; }
+    uint16_t port() const { return port_; }
+
+private:
+    uint16_t port_;
+};
+
+// ── UART16550Console driver ───────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+class UART16550Console : public ConsoleDriver,
+                         public EarlyDriver<UART16550Console> {
+public:
+    UART16550Console() = default;
+
+    const char* name() const override { return "uart-16550"; }
+
+    bool init() override {
+        auto* dev = static_cast<UART16550Device*>(device());
+        port_ = dev->port();
+
+        // TODO: outb(port_ + 1, 0x00)  — disable interrupts
+        // TODO: outb(port_ + 3, 0x80)  — enable DLAB
+        // TODO: outb(port_ + 0, 0x03)  — set divisor (lo) 38400 baud
+        // TODO: outb(port_ + 1, 0x00)  — set divisor (hi)
+        // TODO: outb(port_ + 3, 0x03)  — 8 bits, no parity, one stop
+        // TODO: outb(port_ + 2, 0xC7)  — enable FIFO, clear, 14-byte threshold
+        // TODO: outb(port_ + 4, 0x0B)  — IRQs enabled, RTS/DSR set
+        initialized_ = true;
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    void shutdown() override {
+        initialized_ = false;
+    }
+
+    void putchar(char c) override {
+        if (!initialized_) return;
+        // TODO: while (!(inb(port_ + 5) & 0x20)) {}  — wait for THR empty
+        // TODO: outb(port_, c)
+        (void)c;
+    }
+
+    void clear() override {
+        // UART has no screen to clear
+    }
+
+private:
+    uint16_t port_ = 0;
+    bool initialized_ = false;
+};
+
+// ── Driver init function ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+namespace console {
+
+void init_uart_16550(uint16_t port) {
+    auto* dev = UART16550Device::create(port);
+    platform::bus().add_device(dev);
+
+    auto* drv = UART16550Console::create();
+    drv->bind(dev);
+    drv->init();
+
+    console::register_driver(drv);
+}
+
+} // namespace console
diff --git a/kernel/drivers/console/framebuffer.cpp b/kernel/drivers/console/framebuffer.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e7f0577
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kernel/drivers/console/framebuffer.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,328 @@
+// ============================================================================
+// drivers/console/framebuffer.cpp — Framebuffer console driver + device
+//
+// FramebufferDevice describes the GOP framebuffer hardware (base address,
+// resolution, pixel format). FramebufferConsole is the driver that renders
+// text to it using a built-in 8x16 VGA bitmap font.
+//
+// Both are early-allocated (static storage, no heap).
+// ============================================================================
+
+#include <kernel/console_driver.h>
+#include <kernel/early_driver.h>
+#include <kernel/early_device.h>
+#include <kernel/platform_bus.h>
+#include <boot/boot_info.h>
+
+// ── Minimal 8x16 bitmap font (ASCII 32-126) ──────────────────────────────
+
+static constexpr int FONT_FIRST = 32;
+static constexpr int FONT_LAST  = 126;
+
+// clang-format off
+static const uint8_t g_font[][16] = {
+    // 32: space
+    {0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    // 33: !
+    {0x00,0x00,0x18,0x3C,0x3C,0x3C,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x00,0x18,0x18,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    // 34: "
+    {0x00,0x66,0x66,0x66,0x24,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    // 35: #
+    {0x00,0x00,0x00,0x6C,0x6C,0xFE,0x6C,0x6C,0xFE,0x6C,0x6C,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    // 36: $
+    {0x00,0x10,0x10,0x7C,0xD6,0xD0,0x7C,0x16,0xD6,0x7C,0x10,0x10,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    // 37: %
+    {0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0xC2,0xC6,0x0C,0x18,0x30,0x60,0xC6,0x86,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    // 38: &
+    {0x00,0x00,0x38,0x6C,0x6C,0x38,0x76,0xDC,0xCC,0xCC,0xCC,0x76,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    // 39: '
+    {0x00,0x30,0x30,0x30,0x60,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    // 40: (
+    {0x00,0x00,0x0C,0x18,0x30,0x30,0x30,0x30,0x30,0x30,0x18,0x0C,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    // 41: )
+    {0x00,0x00,0x30,0x18,0x0C,0x0C,0x0C,0x0C,0x0C,0x0C,0x18,0x30,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    // 42: *
+    {0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x66,0x3C,0xFF,0x3C,0x66,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    // 43: +
+    {0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x18,0x18,0x7E,0x18,0x18,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    // 44: ,
+    {0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x30,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    // 45: -
+    {0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0xFE,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    // 46: .
+    {0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x18,0x18,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    // 47: /
+    {0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x02,0x06,0x0C,0x18,0x30,0x60,0xC0,0x80,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    // 48-57: 0-9
+    {0x00,0x00,0x7C,0xC6,0xC6,0xCE,0xDE,0xF6,0xE6,0xC6,0xC6,0x7C,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    {0x00,0x00,0x18,0x38,0x78,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x7E,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    {0x00,0x00,0x7C,0xC6,0x06,0x0C,0x18,0x30,0x60,0xC0,0xC6,0xFE,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    {0x00,0x00,0x7C,0xC6,0x06,0x06,0x3C,0x06,0x06,0x06,0xC6,0x7C,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    {0x00,0x00,0x0C,0x1C,0x3C,0x6C,0xCC,0xFE,0x0C,0x0C,0x0C,0x1E,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    {0x00,0x00,0xFE,0xC0,0xC0,0xC0,0xFC,0x06,0x06,0x06,0xC6,0x7C,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    {0x00,0x00,0x38,0x60,0xC0,0xC0,0xFC,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0x7C,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    {0x00,0x00,0xFE,0xC6,0x06,0x06,0x0C,0x18,0x30,0x30,0x30,0x30,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    {0x00,0x00,0x7C,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0x7C,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0x7C,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    {0x00,0x00,0x7C,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0x7E,0x06,0x06,0x06,0x0C,0x78,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    // 58: :
+    {0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x18,0x18,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x18,0x18,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    // 59: ;
+    {0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x18,0x18,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x18,0x18,0x30,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    // 60: <
+    {0x00,0x00,0x00,0x06,0x0C,0x18,0x30,0x60,0x30,0x18,0x0C,0x06,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    // 61: =
+    {0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x7E,0x00,0x00,0x7E,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    // 62: >
+    {0x00,0x00,0x00,0x60,0x30,0x18,0x0C,0x06,0x0C,0x18,0x30,0x60,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    // 63: ?
+    {0x00,0x00,0x7C,0xC6,0xC6,0x0C,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x00,0x18,0x18,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    // 64: @
+    {0x00,0x00,0x7C,0xC6,0xC6,0xDE,0xDE,0xDE,0xDC,0xC0,0xC0,0x7C,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    // 65-90: A-Z
+    {0x00,0x00,0x10,0x38,0x6C,0xC6,0xC6,0xFE,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    {0x00,0x00,0xFC,0x66,0x66,0x66,0x7C,0x66,0x66,0x66,0x66,0xFC,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    {0x00,0x00,0x3C,0x66,0xC2,0xC0,0xC0,0xC0,0xC0,0xC2,0x66,0x3C,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    {0x00,0x00,0xF8,0x6C,0x66,0x66,0x66,0x66,0x66,0x66,0x6C,0xF8,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    {0x00,0x00,0xFE,0x66,0x62,0x68,0x78,0x68,0x60,0x62,0x66,0xFE,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    {0x00,0x00,0xFE,0x66,0x62,0x68,0x78,0x68,0x60,0x60,0x60,0xF0,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    {0x00,0x00,0x3C,0x66,0xC2,0xC0,0xC0,0xDE,0xC6,0xC6,0x66,0x3A,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    {0x00,0x00,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xFE,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    {0x00,0x00,0x3C,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x3C,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    {0x00,0x00,0x1E,0x0C,0x0C,0x0C,0x0C,0x0C,0xCC,0xCC,0xCC,0x78,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    {0x00,0x00,0xE6,0x66,0x66,0x6C,0x78,0x78,0x6C,0x66,0x66,0xE6,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    {0x00,0x00,0xF0,0x60,0x60,0x60,0x60,0x60,0x60,0x62,0x66,0xFE,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    {0x00,0x00,0xC6,0xEE,0xFE,0xFE,0xD6,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    {0x00,0x00,0xC6,0xE6,0xF6,0xFE,0xDE,0xCE,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    {0x00,0x00,0x7C,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0x7C,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    {0x00,0x00,0xFC,0x66,0x66,0x66,0x7C,0x60,0x60,0x60,0x60,0xF0,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    {0x00,0x00,0x7C,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xD6,0xDE,0x7C,0x0C,0x0E,0x00,0x00},
+    {0x00,0x00,0xFC,0x66,0x66,0x66,0x7C,0x6C,0x66,0x66,0x66,0xE6,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    {0x00,0x00,0x7C,0xC6,0xC6,0x60,0x38,0x0C,0x06,0xC6,0xC6,0x7C,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    {0x00,0x00,0xFF,0xDB,0x99,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x3C,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    {0x00,0x00,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0x7C,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    {0x00,0x00,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0x6C,0x38,0x10,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    {0x00,0x00,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xD6,0xD6,0xD6,0xFE,0xEE,0x6C,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    {0x00,0x00,0xC6,0xC6,0x6C,0x7C,0x38,0x38,0x7C,0x6C,0xC6,0xC6,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    {0x00,0x00,0xCC,0xCC,0xCC,0xCC,0x78,0x30,0x30,0x30,0x30,0x78,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    {0x00,0x00,0xFE,0xC6,0x86,0x0C,0x18,0x30,0x60,0xC2,0xC6,0xFE,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    // 91: [
+    {0x00,0x00,0x3C,0x30,0x30,0x30,0x30,0x30,0x30,0x30,0x30,0x3C,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    // 92: backslash
+    {0x00,0x00,0x00,0x80,0xC0,0x60,0x30,0x18,0x0C,0x06,0x02,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    // 93: ]
+    {0x00,0x00,0x3C,0x0C,0x0C,0x0C,0x0C,0x0C,0x0C,0x0C,0x0C,0x3C,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    // 94: ^
+    {0x10,0x38,0x6C,0xC6,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    // 95: _
+    {0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0xFF,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    // 96: `
+    {0x00,0x30,0x18,0x0C,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    // 97-122: a-z
+    {0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x78,0x0C,0x7C,0xCC,0xCC,0xCC,0x76,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    {0x00,0x00,0xE0,0x60,0x60,0x78,0x6C,0x66,0x66,0x66,0x66,0x7C,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    {0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x7C,0xC6,0xC0,0xC0,0xC0,0xC6,0x7C,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    {0x00,0x00,0x1C,0x0C,0x0C,0x3C,0x6C,0xCC,0xCC,0xCC,0xCC,0x76,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    {0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x7C,0xC6,0xFE,0xC0,0xC0,0xC6,0x7C,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    {0x00,0x00,0x38,0x6C,0x64,0x60,0xF0,0x60,0x60,0x60,0x60,0xF0,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    {0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x76,0xCC,0xCC,0xCC,0xCC,0xCC,0x7C,0x0C,0xCC,0x78,0x00},
+    {0x00,0x00,0xE0,0x60,0x60,0x6C,0x76,0x66,0x66,0x66,0x66,0xE6,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    {0x00,0x00,0x18,0x18,0x00,0x38,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x3C,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    {0x00,0x00,0x06,0x06,0x00,0x0E,0x06,0x06,0x06,0x06,0x06,0x06,0x66,0x66,0x3C,0x00},
+    {0x00,0x00,0xE0,0x60,0x60,0x66,0x6C,0x78,0x78,0x6C,0x66,0xE6,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    {0x00,0x00,0x38,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x3C,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    {0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0xEC,0xFE,0xD6,0xD6,0xD6,0xD6,0xC6,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    {0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0xDC,0x66,0x66,0x66,0x66,0x66,0x66,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    {0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x7C,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0x7C,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    {0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0xDC,0x66,0x66,0x66,0x66,0x66,0x7C,0x60,0x60,0xF0,0x00},
+    {0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x76,0xCC,0xCC,0xCC,0xCC,0xCC,0x7C,0x0C,0x0C,0x1E,0x00},
+    {0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0xDC,0x76,0x66,0x60,0x60,0x60,0xF0,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    {0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x7C,0xC6,0x60,0x38,0x0C,0xC6,0x7C,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    {0x00,0x00,0x10,0x30,0x30,0xFC,0x30,0x30,0x30,0x30,0x36,0x1C,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    {0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0xCC,0xCC,0xCC,0xCC,0xCC,0xCC,0x76,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    {0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0x6C,0x38,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    {0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0xC6,0xC6,0xD6,0xD6,0xD6,0xFE,0x6C,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    {0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0xC6,0x6C,0x38,0x38,0x38,0x6C,0xC6,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    {0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0x7E,0x06,0x0C,0xF8,0x00},
+    {0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0xFE,0xCC,0x18,0x30,0x60,0xC6,0xFE,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    // 123: {
+    {0x00,0x00,0x0E,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x70,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x0E,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    // 124: |
+    {0x00,0x00,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x00,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    // 125: }
+    {0x00,0x00,0x70,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x0E,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x70,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+    // 126: ~
+    {0x00,0x00,0x76,0xDC,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
+};
+// clang-format on
+
+// ── FramebufferDevice ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+class FramebufferDevice : public Device, public EarlyDevice<FramebufferDevice> {
+public:
+    explicit FramebufferDevice(const FramebufferInfo& fb)
+        : base_(fb.base), width_(fb.width), height_(fb.height)
+        , pitch_(fb.pitch), format_(fb.format)
+    {}
+
+    const char* name() const override { return "framebuffer0"; }
+
+    uint64_t    base()   const { return base_; }
+    uint32_t    width()  const { return width_; }
+    uint32_t    height() const { return height_; }
+    uint32_t    pitch()  const { return pitch_; }
+    PixelFormat format() const { return format_; }
+
+private:
+    uint64_t    base_;
+    uint32_t    width_;
+    uint32_t    height_;
+    uint32_t    pitch_;
+    PixelFormat format_;
+};
+
+// ── FramebufferConsole driver ─────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+class FramebufferConsole : public ConsoleDriver,
+                           public EarlyDriver<FramebufferConsole> {
+public:
+    FramebufferConsole() = default;
+
+    const char* name() const override { return "framebuffer-console"; }
+
+    bool init() override {
+        auto* dev = static_cast<FramebufferDevice*>(device());
+        fb_     = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(dev->base());
+        width_  = dev->width();
+        height_ = dev->height();
+        pitch_  = dev->pitch();
+        is_bgr_ = (dev->format() == PixelFormat::BGR);
+        clear();
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    void shutdown() override {}
+
+    void putchar(char c) override {
+        uint32_t max_cols = width_ / CHAR_W;
+        uint32_t max_rows = height_ / CHAR_H;
+
+        if (c == '\n') {
+            col_ = 0;
+            row_++;
+        } else if (c == '\r') {
+            col_ = 0;
+        } else if (c == '\t') {
+            col_ = (col_ + 4) & ~3u;
+        } else {
+            render_char(col_, row_, c);
+            col_++;
+        }
+
+        if (col_ >= max_cols) {
+            col_ = 0;
+            row_++;
+        }
+
+        if (row_ >= max_rows) {
+            scroll();
+            row_ = max_rows - 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    void clear() override {
+        for (uint32_t y = 0; y < height_; y++) {
+            for (uint32_t x = 0; x < width_; x++) {
+                put_pixel(x, y, BG_COLOR);
+            }
+        }
+        col_ = 0;
+        row_ = 0;
+    }
+
+private:
+    uint32_t* fb_       = nullptr;
+    uint32_t  width_    = 0;
+    uint32_t  height_   = 0;
+    uint32_t  pitch_    = 0;
+    bool      is_bgr_   = false;
+    uint32_t  col_      = 0;
+    uint32_t  row_      = 0;
+
+    static constexpr uint32_t CHAR_W = 8;
+    static constexpr uint32_t CHAR_H = 16;
+    static constexpr uint32_t FG_COLOR = CONFIG_FBCON_FG_COLOR;
+    static constexpr uint32_t BG_COLOR = CONFIG_FBCON_BG_COLOR;
+
+    void put_pixel(uint32_t x, uint32_t y, uint32_t rgb) {
+        if (x >= width_ || y >= height_) return;
+
+        uint32_t color;
+        if (is_bgr_) {
+            color = ((rgb & 0xFF) << 16) | (rgb & 0xFF00) | ((rgb >> 16) & 0xFF);
+        } else {
+            color = rgb;
+        }
+
+        auto* row = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(
+            reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(fb_) + y * pitch_);
+        row[x] = color;
+    }
+
+    void scroll() {
+        uint32_t row_bytes = pitch_;
+        uint32_t shift = CHAR_H * row_bytes;
+        uint32_t total = height_ * row_bytes;
+
+        auto* fb = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(fb_);
+
+        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < total - shift; i++) {
+            fb[i] = fb[i + shift];
+        }
+        for (uint32_t i = total - shift; i < total; i++) {
+            fb[i] = 0;
+        }
+        uint32_t start_y = height_ - CHAR_H;
+        for (uint32_t y = start_y; y < height_; y++) {
+            for (uint32_t x = 0; x < width_; x++) {
+                put_pixel(x, y, BG_COLOR);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    void render_char(uint32_t col, uint32_t row, char c) {
+        int idx = static_cast<int>(c) - FONT_FIRST;
+        if (idx < 0 || idx > (FONT_LAST - FONT_FIRST)) idx = 0;
+
+        uint32_t px = col * CHAR_W;
+        uint32_t py = row * CHAR_H;
+
+        for (uint32_t y = 0; y < CHAR_H; y++) {
+            uint8_t bits = g_font[idx][y];
+            for (uint32_t x = 0; x < CHAR_W; x++) {
+                uint32_t color = (bits & (0x80 >> x)) ? FG_COLOR : BG_COLOR;
+                put_pixel(px + x, py + y, color);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+};
+
+// ── Driver init function ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+namespace console {
+
+void init_framebuffer(const FramebufferInfo& fb) {
+    // Create device on the platform bus
+    auto* dev = FramebufferDevice::create(fb);
+    platform::bus().add_device(dev);
+
+    // Create driver and bind to device
+    auto* drv = FramebufferConsole::create();
+    drv->bind(dev);
+    drv->init();
+
+    // Register as active console
+    console::register_driver(drv);
+    console::set_active(drv);
+}
+
+} // namespace console
diff --git a/kernel/drivers/driver_registry.cpp b/kernel/drivers/driver_registry.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..43b2b5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kernel/drivers/driver_registry.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+// ============================================================================
+// drivers/driver_registry.cpp — Driver/device registry globals
+//
+// Provides storage for per-category driver lists, the active console
+// pointer, and the platform bus singleton. Always compiled.
+// ============================================================================
+
+#include <kernel/console_driver.h>
+#include <kernel/platform_bus.h>
+
+// ── ConsoleDriver default write implementation ────────────────────────────
+
+void ConsoleDriver::write(const char* s, size_t len) {
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+        putchar(s[i]);
+    }
+}
+
+// ── Console registry ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+static DriverList<ConsoleDriver> g_console_drivers;
+static ConsoleDriver* g_active_console = nullptr;
+
+namespace console {
+
+void register_driver(ConsoleDriver* driver) {
+    g_console_drivers.add(driver);
+}
+
+void set_active(ConsoleDriver* driver) {
+    g_active_console = driver;
+}
+
+ConsoleDriver* active() {
+    return g_active_console;
+}
+
+DriverList<ConsoleDriver>& drivers() {
+    return g_console_drivers;
+}
+
+} // namespace console
+
+// ── Platform bus (lazy singleton) ─────────────────────────────────────────
+
+namespace platform {
+
+Bus& bus() {
+    if (!PlatformBus::instance()) {
+        PlatformBus::create();
+    }
+    return *PlatformBus::instance();
+}
+
+} // namespace platform
diff --git a/kernel/include/kernel/console_driver.h b/kernel/include/kernel/console_driver.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f34c4e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kernel/include/kernel/console_driver.h
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+#pragma once
+
+// ============================================================================
+// kernel/console_driver.h — Console driver category + registry
+//
+// ConsoleDriver is the category base for all text output devices
+// (framebuffer, UART, etc.). The console:: namespace provides the global
+// registry and active-console tracking.
+// ============================================================================
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <kernel/driver.h>
+#include <kernel/driver_list.h>
+
+struct FramebufferInfo;  // forward declaration (defined in boot/boot_info.h)
+
+class ConsoleDriver : public Driver {
+public:
+    // Write a single character (handles newline, cursor, scrolling).
+    virtual void putchar(char c) = 0;
+
+    // Write a buffer of characters. Default: loops over putchar().
+    virtual void write(const char* s, size_t len);
+
+    // Clear the screen / output buffer.
+    virtual void clear() = 0;
+};
+
+namespace console {
+
+// Register a console driver in the global list.
+void register_driver(ConsoleDriver* driver);
+
+// Set the active console (the one kcon:: delegates to).
+void set_active(ConsoleDriver* driver);
+
+// Get the current active console (nullptr before any console is initialized).
+ConsoleDriver* active();
+
+// Get the driver list for enumeration.
+DriverList<ConsoleDriver>& drivers();
+
+// ── Per-driver init functions (guarded by config) ─────────────────────────
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_DRIVER_FBCON
+void init_framebuffer(const FramebufferInfo& fb);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_DRIVER_UART_16550
+void init_uart_16550(uint16_t port = 0x3F8);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_DRIVER_PL011_UART
+void init_pl011(uintptr_t base_addr = 0x09000000);
+#endif
+
+} // namespace console
diff --git a/kernel/include/kernel/device.h b/kernel/include/kernel/device.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..222ff9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kernel/include/kernel/device.h
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+#pragma once
+
+// ============================================================================
+// kernel/device.h — Device and Bus base classes
+//
+// A Device represents a piece of hardware. Devices form a tree via
+// intrusive parent-child pointers (no heap needed). Each Device can be
+// bound to a Driver that knows how to operate it.
+//
+// A Bus is a Device that can have child devices. It serves as a grouping
+// point for device enumeration and driver matching (future: PCI, DT).
+// ============================================================================
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+class Driver;
+
+class Device {
+public:
+    virtual ~Device() = default;
+
+    virtual const char* name() const = 0;
+
+    // ── Hierarchy ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    Device* parent()        const { return parent_; }
+    Device* first_child()   const { return first_child_; }
+    Device* next_sibling()  const { return next_sibling_; }
+
+    void add_child(Device* child) {
+        child->parent_ = this;
+        child->next_sibling_ = first_child_;
+        first_child_ = child;
+    }
+
+    // ── Driver binding ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    Driver* driver()  const { return driver_; }
+    void set_driver(Driver* drv) { driver_ = drv; }
+
+protected:
+    Device* parent_       = nullptr;
+    Device* first_child_  = nullptr;
+    Device* next_sibling_ = nullptr;
+    Driver* driver_       = nullptr;
+};
+
+// ── Bus — a Device that groups child devices ──────────────────────────────
+// Future: enumerate() discovers children, match() pairs devices with drivers.
+
+class Bus : public Device {
+public:
+    void add_device(Device* dev) { add_child(dev); }
+};
diff --git a/kernel/include/kernel/driver.h b/kernel/include/kernel/driver.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..564590b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kernel/include/kernel/driver.h
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+#pragma once
+
+// ============================================================================
+// kernel/driver.h - Base driver class
+//
+// Abstract root of the driver hierarchy. Every driver inherits from this.
+// Registration uses an intrusive singly-linked list (next_ pointer).
+// A driver can be bound to a Device via bind().
+// ============================================================================
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <kernel/device.h>
+
+template <typename T>
+class DriverList;
+
+class Driver {
+public:
+    virtual ~Driver() = default;
+
+    // Human-readable name, e.g. "framebuffer-console", "uart-16550"
+    virtual const char* name() const = 0;
+
+    // Initialize driver hardware/state. Returns true on success.
+    // Called after bind() — device() is available for reading hw info.
+    virtual bool init() = 0;
+
+    // Shut down driver (release resources, disable hardware).
+    virtual void shutdown() = 0;
+
+    // ── Device binding ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    // Links this driver to a device. Sets bidirectional pointers.
+    void bind(Device* dev) {
+        device_ = dev;
+        dev->set_driver(this);
+    }
+
+    Device* device() const { return device_; }
+
+protected:
+    Driver* next_   = nullptr;
+    Device* device_ = nullptr;
+
+    template <typename T>
+    friend class DriverList;
+};
diff --git a/kernel/include/kernel/driver_list.h b/kernel/include/kernel/driver_list.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1ba9ab2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kernel/include/kernel/driver_list.h
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+#pragma once
+
+// ============================================================================
+// kernel/driver_list.h — Typed intrusive singly-linked list for drivers
+//
+// Each driver category (console, block, etc.) maintains its own DriverList.
+// Insertion is O(1) prepend. No heap allocation — the list node is the
+// driver's own next_ pointer inherited from Driver.
+// ============================================================================
+
+#include <kernel/driver.h>
+
+template <typename T>
+class DriverList {
+public:
+    // Prepend a driver to the list.
+    void add(T* driver) {
+        driver->next_ = head_;
+        head_ = driver;
+    }
+
+    // Iterate all drivers. fn(T*) returns true to stop early.
+    template <typename Fn>
+    void for_each(Fn fn) const {
+        for (auto* d = head_; d != nullptr; d = static_cast<T*>(d->next_)) {
+            if (fn(d)) return;
+        }
+    }
+
+    T* head() const { return head_; }
+
+private:
+    T* head_ = nullptr;
+};
diff --git a/kernel/include/kernel/early_device.h b/kernel/include/kernel/early_device.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5ddec7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kernel/include/kernel/early_device.h
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+#pragma once
+
+// ============================================================================
+// kernel/early_device.h — CRTP mixin for pre-heap device allocation
+//
+// Same pattern as EarlyDriver<T>, but for Device subclasses. Provides
+// static storage for exactly one instance of the derived device type.
+//
+// Usage:
+//   class MyDevice : public Device, public EarlyDevice<MyDevice> { };
+//   auto* dev = MyDevice::create(args...);
+//   MyDevice::instance();
+// ============================================================================
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <kernel/placement_new.h>
+
+template <typename Derived>
+class EarlyDevice {
+public:
+    template <typename... Args>
+    static Derived* create(Args&&... args) {
+        alignas(Derived) static char storage[sizeof(Derived)];
+        instance_ = new (storage) Derived(static_cast<Args&&>(args)...);
+        return instance_;
+    }
+
+    static Derived* instance() {
+        return instance_;
+    }
+
+private:
+    static inline Derived* instance_ = nullptr;
+};
diff --git a/kernel/include/kernel/early_driver.h b/kernel/include/kernel/early_driver.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ff1b3b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kernel/include/kernel/early_driver.h
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+#pragma once
+
+// ============================================================================
+// kernel/early_driver.h — CRTP mixin for pre-heap driver allocation
+//
+// Early drivers (framebuffer console, serial UART) must work before kmalloc
+// exists. This template provides static storage for exactly one instance of
+// the derived driver, constructed via placement new.
+//
+// Usage:
+//   class MyDriver : public SomeCategory, public EarlyDriver<MyDriver> { };
+//   auto* drv = MyDriver::create(args...);   // placement new into BSS
+//   MyDriver::instance();                     // get the singleton
+// ============================================================================
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <kernel/placement_new.h>
+
+template <typename Derived>
+class EarlyDriver {
+public:
+    // Construct the driver in static storage. Call exactly once.
+    // sizeof(Derived) is evaluated here, not at class definition time,
+    // so Derived is guaranteed to be complete.
+    template <typename... Args>
+    static Derived* create(Args&&... args) {
+        alignas(Derived) static char storage[sizeof(Derived)];
+        instance_ = new (storage) Derived(static_cast<Args&&>(args)...);
+        return instance_;
+    }
+
+    // Returns the instance, or nullptr if create() hasn't been called.
+    static Derived* instance() {
+        return instance_;
+    }
+
+private:
+    static inline Derived* instance_ = nullptr;
+};
diff --git a/kernel/include/kernel/placement_new.h b/kernel/include/kernel/placement_new.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6f7f1f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kernel/include/kernel/placement_new.h
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+#pragma once
+
+// Placement new for freestanding C++ (no <new> header available).
+inline void* operator new(size_t, void* ptr) noexcept { return ptr; }
diff --git a/kernel/include/kernel/platform_bus.h b/kernel/include/kernel/platform_bus.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8561ca6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kernel/include/kernel/platform_bus.h
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+#pragma once
+
+// ============================================================================
+// kernel/platform_bus.h — Platform bus for fixed-address devices
+//
+// The PlatformBus is the root of the device hierarchy. Non-discoverable
+// devices (framebuffer, UART at fixed addresses) are registered here.
+// Future buses (PCI, device-tree) will be added as siblings or children.
+// ============================================================================
+
+#include <kernel/device.h>
+#include <kernel/early_device.h>
+
+class PlatformBus : public Bus, public EarlyDevice<PlatformBus> {
+public:
+    const char* name() const override { return "platform"; }
+};
+
+// Lazy-initialized singleton accessor for the platform bus.
+namespace platform {
+    Bus& bus();
+} // namespace platform
diff --git a/kernel/lib/framebuffer.cpp b/kernel/lib/framebuffer.cpp
index 476abaa..4cd163d 100644
--- a/kernel/lib/framebuffer.cpp
+++ b/kernel/lib/framebuffer.cpp
@@ -1,297 +1,37 @@
 // ============================================================================
-// lib/framebuffer.cpp - Early kernel framebuffer console
+// lib/framebuffer.cpp — kcon:: delegation layer
 //
-// Renders text directly to the linear framebuffer using a minimal
-// built-in 8x16 bitmap font (PC VGA style, ASCII 32-126).
+// The kcon:: namespace preserves the original console API. All rendering
+// is now handled by whichever ConsoleDriver is active (typically
+// FramebufferConsole via the driver framework). Formatting functions
+// (put_hex, put_dec, kprintf) are kept here since they are pure formatters
+// that call putchar/puts.
 // ============================================================================
 
 #include <kernel/kprint.h>
+#include <kernel/console_driver.h>
 #include <stdarg.h>
 
 namespace kcon {
 
-// ── Character cell dimensions ──────────────────────────────────────────────
-
-static constexpr uint32_t CHAR_W    = 8;   // Font glyph width in pixels
-static constexpr uint32_t CHAR_H    = 16;  // Font glyph height in pixels
-static constexpr uint32_t TAB_WIDTH = 4;   // Tab stop width in character cells
-
-// ── Colors (0x00RRGGBB) ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-
-static constexpr uint32_t FG_COLOR = CONFIG_FBCON_FG_COLOR;  // Light grey
-static constexpr uint32_t BG_COLOR = CONFIG_FBCON_BG_COLOR;  // Dark blue
-
-// ── Console state ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-//
-// All mutable state lives in one struct so callers can reason about it as
-// a unit and we avoid scattered bare globals.
-#pragma message("when i add drivers abstract, move it to another console interface and use framebuffer as driver")
-
-struct Console {
-public:
-    uint32_t* fb     = nullptr; // Framebuffer base (as 32-bit pixels)
-    uint32_t  width  = 0;       // Pixels per row
-    uint32_t  height = 0;       // Rows in pixels
-    uint32_t  pitch  = 0;       // Bytes per scanline (>= width * 4)
-    uint32_t  col    = 0;       // Cursor column in character cells
-    uint32_t  row    = 0;       // Cursor row in character cells
-    bool      is_bgr = false;
-
-    // C++23 multi-dimensional subscript: direct reference to pixel (x, y).
-    // pitch is in bytes; each pixel is 4 bytes.  No bounds checking — callers
-    // must validate coordinates before calling (put_pixel does this).
-    [[nodiscard]] uint32_t& operator[](uint32_t x, uint32_t y) noexcept {
-        auto* row_ptr = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(
-            reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(fb) + static_cast<uintptr_t>(y) * pitch);
-        return row_ptr[x];
-    }
-};
-
-static Console g_con{};
-
-// ── Minimal 8x16 bitmap font (ASCII 32–126) ───────────────────────────────
-// Each character is 16 bytes (one byte per row, 8 pixels wide).
-// We store a blank (space) for anything outside the range.
-
-// clang-format off
-static const uint8_t g_font[][16] = {
-    // 32: space
-    {0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    // 33: !
-    {0x00,0x00,0x18,0x3C,0x3C,0x3C,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x00,0x18,0x18,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    // 34: "
-    {0x00,0x66,0x66,0x66,0x24,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    // 35: #
-    {0x00,0x00,0x00,0x6C,0x6C,0xFE,0x6C,0x6C,0xFE,0x6C,0x6C,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    // 36: $
-    {0x00,0x10,0x10,0x7C,0xD6,0xD0,0x7C,0x16,0xD6,0x7C,0x10,0x10,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    // 37: %
-    {0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0xC2,0xC6,0x0C,0x18,0x30,0x60,0xC6,0x86,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    // 38: &
-    {0x00,0x00,0x38,0x6C,0x6C,0x38,0x76,0xDC,0xCC,0xCC,0xCC,0x76,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    // 39: '
-    {0x00,0x30,0x30,0x30,0x60,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    // 40: (
-    {0x00,0x00,0x0C,0x18,0x30,0x30,0x30,0x30,0x30,0x30,0x18,0x0C,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    // 41: )
-    {0x00,0x00,0x30,0x18,0x0C,0x0C,0x0C,0x0C,0x0C,0x0C,0x18,0x30,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    // 42: *
-    {0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x66,0x3C,0xFF,0x3C,0x66,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    // 43: +
-    {0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x18,0x18,0x7E,0x18,0x18,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    // 44: ,
-    {0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x30,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    // 45: -
-    {0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0xFE,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    // 46: .
-    {0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x18,0x18,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    // 47: /
-    {0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x02,0x06,0x0C,0x18,0x30,0x60,0xC0,0x80,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    // 48-57: 0-9
-    {0x00,0x00,0x7C,0xC6,0xC6,0xCE,0xDE,0xF6,0xE6,0xC6,0xC6,0x7C,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    {0x00,0x00,0x18,0x38,0x78,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x7E,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    {0x00,0x00,0x7C,0xC6,0x06,0x0C,0x18,0x30,0x60,0xC0,0xC6,0xFE,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    {0x00,0x00,0x7C,0xC6,0x06,0x06,0x3C,0x06,0x06,0x06,0xC6,0x7C,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    {0x00,0x00,0x0C,0x1C,0x3C,0x6C,0xCC,0xFE,0x0C,0x0C,0x0C,0x1E,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    {0x00,0x00,0xFE,0xC0,0xC0,0xC0,0xFC,0x06,0x06,0x06,0xC6,0x7C,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    {0x00,0x00,0x38,0x60,0xC0,0xC0,0xFC,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0x7C,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    {0x00,0x00,0xFE,0xC6,0x06,0x06,0x0C,0x18,0x30,0x30,0x30,0x30,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    {0x00,0x00,0x7C,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0x7C,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0x7C,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    {0x00,0x00,0x7C,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0x7E,0x06,0x06,0x06,0x0C,0x78,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    // 58: :
-    {0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x18,0x18,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x18,0x18,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    // 59: ;
-    {0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x18,0x18,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x18,0x18,0x30,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    // 60: <
-    {0x00,0x00,0x00,0x06,0x0C,0x18,0x30,0x60,0x30,0x18,0x0C,0x06,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    // 61: =
-    {0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x7E,0x00,0x00,0x7E,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    // 62: >
-    {0x00,0x00,0x00,0x60,0x30,0x18,0x0C,0x06,0x0C,0x18,0x30,0x60,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    // 63: ?
-    {0x00,0x00,0x7C,0xC6,0xC6,0x0C,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x00,0x18,0x18,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    // 64: @
-    {0x00,0x00,0x7C,0xC6,0xC6,0xDE,0xDE,0xDE,0xDC,0xC0,0xC0,0x7C,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    // 65-90: A-Z
-    {0x00,0x00,0x10,0x38,0x6C,0xC6,0xC6,0xFE,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    {0x00,0x00,0xFC,0x66,0x66,0x66,0x7C,0x66,0x66,0x66,0x66,0xFC,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    {0x00,0x00,0x3C,0x66,0xC2,0xC0,0xC0,0xC0,0xC0,0xC2,0x66,0x3C,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    {0x00,0x00,0xF8,0x6C,0x66,0x66,0x66,0x66,0x66,0x66,0x6C,0xF8,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    {0x00,0x00,0xFE,0x66,0x62,0x68,0x78,0x68,0x60,0x62,0x66,0xFE,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    {0x00,0x00,0xFE,0x66,0x62,0x68,0x78,0x68,0x60,0x60,0x60,0xF0,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    {0x00,0x00,0x3C,0x66,0xC2,0xC0,0xC0,0xDE,0xC6,0xC6,0x66,0x3A,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    {0x00,0x00,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xFE,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    {0x00,0x00,0x3C,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x3C,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    {0x00,0x00,0x1E,0x0C,0x0C,0x0C,0x0C,0x0C,0xCC,0xCC,0xCC,0x78,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    {0x00,0x00,0xE6,0x66,0x66,0x6C,0x78,0x78,0x6C,0x66,0x66,0xE6,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    {0x00,0x00,0xF0,0x60,0x60,0x60,0x60,0x60,0x60,0x62,0x66,0xFE,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    {0x00,0x00,0xC6,0xEE,0xFE,0xFE,0xD6,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    {0x00,0x00,0xC6,0xE6,0xF6,0xFE,0xDE,0xCE,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    {0x00,0x00,0x7C,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0x7C,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    {0x00,0x00,0xFC,0x66,0x66,0x66,0x7C,0x60,0x60,0x60,0x60,0xF0,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    {0x00,0x00,0x7C,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xD6,0xDE,0x7C,0x0C,0x0E,0x00,0x00},
-    {0x00,0x00,0xFC,0x66,0x66,0x66,0x7C,0x6C,0x66,0x66,0x66,0xE6,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    {0x00,0x00,0x7C,0xC6,0xC6,0x60,0x38,0x0C,0x06,0xC6,0xC6,0x7C,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    {0x00,0x00,0xFF,0xDB,0x99,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x3C,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    {0x00,0x00,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0x7C,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    {0x00,0x00,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0x6C,0x38,0x10,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    {0x00,0x00,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xD6,0xD6,0xD6,0xFE,0xEE,0x6C,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    {0x00,0x00,0xC6,0xC6,0x6C,0x7C,0x38,0x38,0x7C,0x6C,0xC6,0xC6,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    {0x00,0x00,0xCC,0xCC,0xCC,0xCC,0x78,0x30,0x30,0x30,0x30,0x78,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    {0x00,0x00,0xFE,0xC6,0x86,0x0C,0x18,0x30,0x60,0xC2,0xC6,0xFE,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    // 91: [
-    {0x00,0x00,0x3C,0x30,0x30,0x30,0x30,0x30,0x30,0x30,0x30,0x3C,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    // 92: backslash
-    {0x00,0x00,0x00,0x80,0xC0,0x60,0x30,0x18,0x0C,0x06,0x02,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    // 93: ]
-    {0x00,0x00,0x3C,0x0C,0x0C,0x0C,0x0C,0x0C,0x0C,0x0C,0x0C,0x3C,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    // 94: ^
-    {0x10,0x38,0x6C,0xC6,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    // 95: _
-    {0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0xFF,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    // 96: `
-    {0x00,0x30,0x18,0x0C,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    // 97-122: a-z
-    {0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x78,0x0C,0x7C,0xCC,0xCC,0xCC,0x76,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    {0x00,0x00,0xE0,0x60,0x60,0x78,0x6C,0x66,0x66,0x66,0x66,0x7C,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    {0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x7C,0xC6,0xC0,0xC0,0xC0,0xC6,0x7C,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    {0x00,0x00,0x1C,0x0C,0x0C,0x3C,0x6C,0xCC,0xCC,0xCC,0xCC,0x76,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    {0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x7C,0xC6,0xFE,0xC0,0xC0,0xC6,0x7C,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    {0x00,0x00,0x38,0x6C,0x64,0x60,0xF0,0x60,0x60,0x60,0x60,0xF0,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    {0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x76,0xCC,0xCC,0xCC,0xCC,0xCC,0x7C,0x0C,0xCC,0x78,0x00},
-    {0x00,0x00,0xE0,0x60,0x60,0x6C,0x76,0x66,0x66,0x66,0x66,0xE6,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    {0x00,0x00,0x18,0x18,0x00,0x38,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x3C,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    {0x00,0x00,0x06,0x06,0x00,0x0E,0x06,0x06,0x06,0x06,0x06,0x06,0x66,0x66,0x3C,0x00},
-    {0x00,0x00,0xE0,0x60,0x60,0x66,0x6C,0x78,0x78,0x6C,0x66,0xE6,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    {0x00,0x00,0x38,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x3C,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    {0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0xEC,0xFE,0xD6,0xD6,0xD6,0xD6,0xC6,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    {0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0xDC,0x66,0x66,0x66,0x66,0x66,0x66,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    {0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x7C,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0x7C,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    {0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0xDC,0x66,0x66,0x66,0x66,0x66,0x7C,0x60,0x60,0xF0,0x00},
-    {0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x76,0xCC,0xCC,0xCC,0xCC,0xCC,0x7C,0x0C,0x0C,0x1E,0x00},
-    {0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0xDC,0x76,0x66,0x60,0x60,0x60,0xF0,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    {0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x7C,0xC6,0x60,0x38,0x0C,0xC6,0x7C,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    {0x00,0x00,0x10,0x30,0x30,0xFC,0x30,0x30,0x30,0x30,0x36,0x1C,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    {0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0xCC,0xCC,0xCC,0xCC,0xCC,0xCC,0x76,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    {0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0x6C,0x38,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    {0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0xC6,0xC6,0xD6,0xD6,0xD6,0xFE,0x6C,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    {0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0xC6,0x6C,0x38,0x38,0x38,0x6C,0xC6,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    {0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0xC6,0x7E,0x06,0x0C,0xF8,0x00},
-    {0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0xFE,0xCC,0x18,0x30,0x60,0xC6,0xFE,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    // 123: {
-    {0x00,0x00,0x0E,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x70,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x0E,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    // 124: |
-    {0x00,0x00,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x00,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    // 125: }
-    {0x00,0x00,0x70,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x0E,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x70,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-    // 126: ~
-    {0x00,0x00,0x76,0xDC,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
-};
-// clang-format on
-
-static constexpr int FONT_FIRST = 32;
-static constexpr int FONT_LAST  = 126;
-
-// ── Pixel helpers ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-
-static void put_pixel(uint32_t x, uint32_t y, uint32_t rgb) noexcept {
-    if (x >= g_con.width || y >= g_con.height) return;
-
-    // Swap R and B channels if the framebuffer uses BGR layout.
-    const uint32_t color = g_con.is_bgr
-        ? ((rgb & 0xFFu) << 16) | (rgb & 0xFF00u) | ((rgb >> 16) & 0xFFu)
-        : rgb;
-
-    g_con[x, y] = color;  // C++23 multi-dimensional subscript
-}
-
-// ── Scroll the screen up by one character row ──────────────────────────────
-
-static void scroll() noexcept {
-    const uint32_t shift     = CHAR_H * g_con.pitch;
-    const uint32_t total     = g_con.height * g_con.pitch;
-    auto* const fb_bytes     = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(g_con.fb);
-
-    // Shift everything up by CHAR_H rows (raw byte memmove equivalent).
-    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < total - shift; ++i)
-        fb_bytes[i] = fb_bytes[i + shift];
-
-    // Fill the newly exposed bottom rows with the background color.
-    for (uint32_t row = g_con.height - CHAR_H; row < g_con.height; ++row)
-        for (uint32_t col = 0; col < g_con.width; ++col)
-            put_pixel(col, row, BG_COLOR);
-}
-
-// ── Render a glyph at character-cell position (col, row) ──────────────────
-
-static void render_char(uint32_t col, uint32_t row, char c) noexcept {
-    // Treat char as unsigned to avoid negative indices for high-ASCII.
-    int idx = static_cast<int>(static_cast<unsigned char>(c)) - FONT_FIRST;
-    if (idx < 0 || idx > (FONT_LAST - FONT_FIRST)) idx = 0; // fall back to space
-
-    const uint32_t px = col * CHAR_W;
-    const uint32_t py = row * CHAR_H;
-
-    for (uint32_t y = 0; y < CHAR_H; ++y) {
-        const uint8_t bits = g_font[idx][y];
-        for (uint32_t x = 0; x < CHAR_W; ++x) {
-            const uint32_t color = (bits & (0x80u >> x)) ? FG_COLOR : BG_COLOR;
-            put_pixel(px + x, py + y, color);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-// ── Public API ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+// ── Lifecycle ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
 void init(const FramebufferInfo& fb) {
-    g_con.fb     = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(fb.base);
-    g_con.width  = fb.width;
-    g_con.height = fb.height;
-    g_con.pitch  = fb.pitch;
-    g_con.is_bgr = (fb.format == PixelFormat::BGR);
-    g_con.col    = 0;
-    g_con.row    = 0;
-    clear();
+#ifdef CONFIG_DRIVER_FBCON
+    console::init_framebuffer(fb);
+#endif
+    (void)fb;
 }
 
-void clear() {
-    for (uint32_t y = 0; y < g_con.height; ++y)
-        for (uint32_t x = 0; x < g_con.width; ++x)
-            put_pixel(x, y, BG_COLOR);
-    g_con.col = 0;
-    g_con.row = 0;
-}
+// ── Character / string output (delegate to active console) ────────────────
 
 void putchar(char c) {
-    const uint32_t max_cols = g_con.width  / CHAR_W;
-    const uint32_t max_rows = g_con.height / CHAR_H;
-
-    if (c == '\n') {
-        g_con.col = 0;
-        ++g_con.row;
-    } else if (c == '\r') {
-        g_con.col = 0;
-    } else if (c == '\t') {
-        // Advance to the next TAB_WIDTH-aligned column.
-        g_con.col = (g_con.col + TAB_WIDTH) & ~(TAB_WIDTH - 1u);
-    } else {
-        render_char(g_con.col, g_con.row, c);
-        ++g_con.col;
-    }
-
-    if (g_con.col >= max_cols) {
-        g_con.col = 0;
-        ++g_con.row;
-    }
-
-    if (g_con.row >= max_rows) {
-        scroll();
-        g_con.row = max_rows - 1;
+    if (auto* con = console::active()) {
+        con->putchar(c);
     }
 }
 
 void puts(const char* s) {
-    if (!s) return;
     while (*s) putchar(*s++);
 }
 
@@ -300,11 +40,19 @@ void println(const char* s) {
     putchar('\n');
 }
 
+void clear() {
+    if (auto* con = console::active()) {
+        con->clear();
+    }
+}
+
+// ── Formatting (unchanged — these only call putchar/puts) ─────────────────
+
 void put_hex(uint64_t val) {
     puts("0x");
     bool leading = true;
     for (int i = 60; i >= 0; i -= 4) {
-        const uint8_t nibble = static_cast<uint8_t>((val >> i) & 0xFu);
+        uint8_t nibble = (val >> i) & 0xF;
         if (nibble == 0 && leading && i > 0) continue;
         leading = false;
         putchar(nibble < 10 ? '0' + nibble : 'A' + nibble - 10);
@@ -315,12 +63,12 @@ void put_hex(uint64_t val) {
 void put_dec(uint64_t val) {
     if (val == 0) { putchar('0'); return; }
     char buf[20];
-    int len = 0;
+    int i = 0;
     while (val > 0) {
-        buf[len++] = static_cast<char>('0' + val % 10);
+        buf[i++] = '0' + (val % 10);
         val /= 10;
     }
-    for (int j = len - 1; j >= 0; --j) putchar(buf[j]);
+    for (int j = i - 1; j >= 0; j--) putchar(buf[j]);
 }
 
 void kprintf(const char* fmt, ...) {
@@ -332,7 +80,7 @@ void kprintf(const char* fmt, ...) {
             putchar(*fmt++);
             continue;
         }
-        ++fmt; // skip '%'
+        fmt++; // skip '%'
 
         switch (*fmt) {
             case 's': {
@@ -347,12 +95,14 @@ void kprintf(const char* fmt, ...) {
                 break;
             }
             case 'u': {
-                put_dec(va_arg(args, uint64_t));
+                uint64_t v = va_arg(args, uint64_t);
+                put_dec(v);
                 break;
             }
             case 'x':
             case 'p': {
-                put_hex(va_arg(args, uint64_t));
+                uint64_t v = va_arg(args, uint64_t);
+                put_hex(v);
                 break;
             }
             case '%':
@@ -365,7 +115,7 @@ void kprintf(const char* fmt, ...) {
                 putchar(*fmt);
                 break;
         }
-        ++fmt;
+        fmt++;
     }
 done:
     va_end(args);